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Marlborough Plains biogeographic subregionAccess wetland mapping in PDF and KML format by selecting the desired 100K map tile below or download the data via the Queensland Government Information Service. The below map is for visual representation purposes only. For more detailed mapping, please download the boundary KML. Drag this bar to relocate the map on your screen Open WetlandMaps interactive map server 
 Catchment stories 
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| System | Area (ha) | % wetlands area | % total area | 
|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 202,352 | 100.0% | 16.6% | 
| Total excluding riverine and artificial/highly modified riverine | 184,616 | 91.2% | 15.2% | 
| Artificial and highly modified | 10,691 | 5.3% | 0.9% | 
| Intertidal (saltmarsh, saltflats, mangroves) (natural) | 125,107 | 61.8% | 10.3% | 
| Intertidal (saltmarsh, saltflats, mangroves) (slightly modified) | 1,068 | 0.5% | 0.1% | 
| Lacustrine (natural) | 519 | 0.3% | 0.0% | 
| Lacustrine (slightly modified) | 699 | 0.3% | 0.1% | 
| Lacustrine (unknown degree of modification) | < 1 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Palustrine (natural) | 8,883 | 4.4% | 0.7% | 
| Palustrine (slightly modified) | 37,648 | 18.6% | 3.1% | 
| Riverine | 17,737 | 8.8% | 1.5% | 
| Intertidal (saltmarsh, saltflats, mangroves) (highly modified) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Intertidal (saltmarsh, saltflats, mangroves) (natural) | 125,107 | 61.8% | 10.3% | 
| Intertidal (saltmarsh, saltflats, mangroves) (slightly modified) | 1,068 | 0.5% | 0.1% | 
| Lacustrine (artificial) | 4,312 | 2.1% | 0.4% | 
| Lacustrine (highly modified) | 3,830 | 1.9% | 0.3% | 
| Lacustrine (natural) | 519 | 0.3% | 0.0% | 
| Lacustrine (slightly modified) | 699 | 0.3% | 0.1% | 
| Lacustrine (unknown degree of modification) | < 1 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Palustrine (artificial) | 734 | 0.4% | 0.1% | 
| Palustrine (highly modified) | 1,814 | 0.9% | 0.1% | 
| Palustrine (natural) | 8,883 | 4.4% | 0.7% | 
| Palustrine (slightly modified) | 37,648 | 18.6% | 3.1% | 
| Riverine (artificial) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Riverine (highly modified) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Riverine (natural) | 15,636 | 7.7% | 1.3% | 
| Riverine (slightly modified) | 2,101 | 1.0% | 0.2% | 
For definitions of artificial, highly modified, modified, slightly modified and natural wetlands, see the Queensland Wetland Mapping Method - A Method to Provide Baseline Mapping of Wetland Extent and Changes in Wetland Extent in Queensland.
| Habitat | Area (ha) | % wetlands area | % total area | 
|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 129,442 | 100.0% | 10.6% | 
| Mangroves - Casuarina | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Mangroves - other | 54,545 | 42.1% | 4.5% | 
| Salt marsh and salt flats | 27,879 | 21.5% | 2.3% | 
| Arid and semi-arid saline lake | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Arid and semi-arid floodplain lake | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Arid and semi-arid permanently inundated lake | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal floodplain lake | 564 | 0.4% | 0.0% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal non-floodplain rock lake | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal non-floodplain sand (window) lake | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal non-floodplain sand (perched) lake | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal non-floodplain soil lake | 55 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Arid and semi-arid saline swamp | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Arid and semi-arid floodplain tree swamp | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Arid and semi-arid floodplain shrub swamp | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Arid and semi-arid floodplain grass, sedge and herb swamp | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Arid and semi-arid non-floodplain tree swamp | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Arid and semi-arid non-floodplain shrub swamp | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Arid and semi-arid non-floodplain grass, sedge and herb swamp | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Arid and semi-arid other non-floodplain swamp | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Arid and semi-arid Great Artesian Basin fed spring swamp | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal non-floodplain tree (Melaleuca and Eucalypt) swamp | 1,081 | 0.8% | 0.1% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal non-floodplain wet heath swamp | 3 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal non-floodplain grass, sedge, and herb swamp | 4,111 | 3.2% | 0.3% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal other non-floodplain swamp | 689 | 0.5% | 0.1% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal floodplain tree (Melaleuca and Eucalypt) swamp | 8,606 | 6.6% | 0.7% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal floodplain grass, sedge, and herb swamp | 31,910 | 24.7% | 2.6% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal floodplain wet heath swamp | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal other floodplain swamp | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal tree (palm) swamp | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Unknown - Swamp - Arid and semi-arid | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Unknown - Swamp - Coastal and sub-coastal | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Mangroves - Casuarina (natural) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Mangroves - Casuarina (slightly modified) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Mangroves - other (natural) | 54,545 | 42.1% | 4.5% | 
| Mangroves - other (slightly modified) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Salt marsh and salt flats (natural) | 26,886 | 20.8% | 2.2% | 
| Salt marsh and salt flats (slightly modified) | 993 | 0.8% | 0.1% | 
| Arid and semi-arid saline lake (natural) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Arid and semi-arid saline lake (slightly modified) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Arid and semi-arid floodplain lake (natural) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Arid and semi-arid floodplain lake (slightly modified) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Arid and semi-arid permanently inundated lake (slightly modified) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal floodplain lake (natural) | 464 | 0.4% | 0.0% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal floodplain lake (slightly modified) | 100 | 0.1% | 0.0% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal non-floodplain rock lake (natural) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal non-floodplain rock lake (slightly modified) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal non-floodplain sand (window) lake (natural) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal non-floodplain sand (window) lake (slightly modified) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal non-floodplain sand (perched) lake (natural) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal non-floodplain soil lake (natural) | 55 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal non-floodplain soil lake (slightly modified) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Arid and semi-arid saline swamp (natural) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Arid and semi-arid saline swamp (slightly modified) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Arid and semi-arid floodplain tree swamp (natural) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Arid and semi-arid floodplain tree swamp (slightly modified) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Arid and semi-arid floodplain shrub swamp (natural) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Arid and semi-arid floodplain shrub swamp (slightly modified) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Arid and semi-arid floodplain grass, sedge and herb swamp (natural) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Arid and semi-arid floodplain grass, sedge and herb swamp (slightly modified) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Arid and semi-arid non-floodplain tree swamp (natural) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Arid and semi-arid non-floodplain tree swamp (slightly modified) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Arid and semi-arid non-floodplain shrub swamp (natural) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Arid and semi-arid non-floodplain shrub swamp (slightly modified) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Arid and semi-arid non-floodplain grass, sedge and herb swamp (natural) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Arid and semi-arid non-floodplain grass, sedge and herb swamp (slightly modified) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Arid and semi-arid other non-floodplain swamp (natural) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Arid and semi-arid other non-floodplain swamp (slightly modified) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Arid and semi-arid Great Artesian Basin fed spring swamp (natural) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Arid and semi-arid Great Artesian Basin fed spring swamp (slightly modified) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal non-floodplain tree (Melaleuca and Eucalypt) swamp (natural) | 900 | 0.7% | 0.1% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal non-floodplain tree (Melaleuca and Eucalypt) swamp (slightly modified) | 181 | 0.1% | 0.0% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal non-floodplain wet heath swamp (natural) | 3 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal non-floodplain wet heath swamp (slightly modified) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal non-floodplain grass, sedge, and herb swamp (natural) | 134 | 0.1% | 0.0% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal non-floodplain grass, sedge, and herb swamp (slightly modified) | 3,977 | 3.1% | 0.3% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal other non-floodplain swamp (natural) | 518 | 0.4% | 0.0% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal other non-floodplain swamp (slightly modified) | 170 | 0.1% | 0.0% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal floodplain tree (Melaleuca and Eucalypt) swamp (natural) | 4,447 | 3.4% | 0.4% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal floodplain tree (Melaleuca and Eucalypt) swamp (slightly modified) | 4,159 | 3.2% | 0.3% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal floodplain grass, sedge, and herb swamp (natural) | 2,846 | 2.2% | 0.2% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal floodplain grass, sedge, and herb swamp (slightly modified) | 29,063 | 22.5% | 2.4% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal floodplain wet heath swamp (natural) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal floodplain wet heath swamp (slightly modified) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal other floodplain swamp (natural) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal other floodplain swamp (slightly modified) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal tree (palm) swamp (natural) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal tree (palm) swamp (slightly modified) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Unknown - Swamp - Arid and semi-arid (natural) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Unknown - Swamp - Arid and semi-arid (slightly modified) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Unknown - Swamp - Coastal and sub-coastal (natural) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
| Unknown - Swamp - Coastal and sub-coastal (slightly modified) | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 
Disclaimer
Areas do not include marine or estuarine waters but do include estuarine wetland vegetation
(e.g. mangroves and tidal flats).
All statistics are approximate and generated based on data transformed to a customised Albers equal-area projection, thus allowing wetland extent change for different regions of Queensland to be comparable.
Areas may change over time as mapping approaches improve.
Totals may not match the sum of individually displayed figures due to the rounding of displayed figures.
Wetland extent changes
| System | 2021 area (ha)  | 
2019 area (ha)  | 
2017 area (ha)  | 
2013 area (ha)  | 
2009 area (ha)  | 
2005 area (ha)  | 
2001 area (ha)  | 
pre-clear area (ha)  | 
2021/pre-clear percentage  | 
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 202,352 | 202,367 | 202,378 | 202,405 | 202,184 | 201,946 | 201,885 | 199,290 | * 96.2% | 
| Artificial and highly modified | 10,691 | 10,672 | 10,671 | 10,512 | 10,281 | 10,022 | 9,418 | 0 | n/a | 
| Intertidal (saltmarsh, saltflats, mangroves) (natural) | 125,107 | 125,219 | 125,225 | 125,347 | 125,251 | 125,375 | 125,521 | 161,665 | 77.4% | 
| Intertidal (saltmarsh, saltflats, mangroves) (slightly modified) | 1,068 | 998 | 998 | 998 | 998 | 980 | 1,009 | 0 | n/a | 
| Lacustrine (natural) | 519 | 519 | 519 | 519 | 519 | 519 | 519 | 538 | 96.4% | 
| Lacustrine (slightly modified) | 699 | 699 | 696 | 698 | 683 | 670 | 636 | 0 | n/a | 
| Lacustrine (unknown degree of modification) | < 1 | < 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n/a | 
| Palustrine (natural) | 8,883 | 8,885 | 8,892 | 9,047 | 9,069 | 9,079 | 9,452 | 17,292 | 51.4% | 
| Palustrine (slightly modified) | 37,648 | 37,606 | 37,602 | 37,483 | 37,578 | 37,452 | 37,444 | 0 | n/a | 
| Riverine | 17,737 | 17,770 | 17,776 | 17,800 | 17,806 | 17,850 | 17,887 | 19,795 | 89.6% | 
| Intertidal (saltmarsh, saltflats, mangroves) (highly modified) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n/a | 
| Intertidal (saltmarsh, saltflats, mangroves) (natural) | 125,107 | 125,219 | 125,225 | 125,347 | 125,251 | 125,375 | 125,521 | 161,665 | 77.4% | 
| Intertidal (saltmarsh, saltflats, mangroves) (slightly modified) | 1,068 | 998 | 998 | 998 | 998 | 980 | 1,009 | 0 | n/a | 
| Lacustrine (artificial) | 4,312 | 4,305 | 4,306 | 4,216 | 4,004 | 3,775 | 3,313 | 0 | n/a | 
| Lacustrine (highly modified) | 3,830 | 3,818 | 3,816 | 3,780 | 3,760 | 3,740 | 3,598 | 0 | n/a | 
| Lacustrine (natural) | 519 | 519 | 519 | 519 | 519 | 519 | 519 | 538 | 96.4% | 
| Lacustrine (slightly modified) | 699 | 699 | 696 | 698 | 683 | 670 | 636 | 0 | n/a | 
| Lacustrine (unknown degree of modification) | < 1 | < 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n/a | 
| Palustrine (artificial) | 734 | 734 | 734 | 732 | 732 | 729 | 729 | 0 | n/a | 
| Palustrine (highly modified) | 1,814 | 1,814 | 1,814 | 1,784 | 1,784 | 1,778 | 1,778 | 0 | n/a | 
| Palustrine (natural) | 8,883 | 8,885 | 8,892 | 9,047 | 9,069 | 9,079 | 9,452 | 17,292 | 51.4% | 
| Palustrine (slightly modified) | 37,648 | 37,606 | 37,602 | 37,483 | 37,578 | 37,452 | 37,444 | 0 | n/a | 
| Riverine (artificial) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n/a | 
| Riverine (highly modified) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n/a | 
| Riverine (natural) | 15,636 | 15,671 | 15,677 | 15,702 | 15,708 | 15,752 | 15,788 | 19,795 | 79.0% | 
| Riverine (slightly modified) | 2,101 | 2,099 | 2,099 | 2,099 | 2,099 | 2,099 | 2,099 | 0 | n/a | 
* Total 2021/pre-clear percentage excludes artificial and highly modified
 View 2021 wetland system extents for all biogeographic subregions
 View 2019 wetland system extents for all biogeographic subregions
 View 2017 wetland system extents for all biogeographic subregions
 View 2013 wetland system extents for all biogeographic subregions
 View 2009 wetland system extents for all biogeographic subregions
 View 2005 wetland system extents for all biogeographic subregions
 View 2001 wetland system extents for all biogeographic subregions
 View pre-clear wetland system extents for all biogeographic subregions
 View 2021/pre-clear wetland system extent percentages for all biogeographic subregions
| Habitat | 2021 area (ha)  | 
2019 area (ha)  | 
2017 area (ha)  | 
2013 area (ha)  | 
2009 area (ha)  | 
2005 area (ha)  | 
2001 area (ha)  | 
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 129,442 | 129,428 | 129,436 | 129,493 | 129,611 | 129,610 | 130,025 | 
| Mangroves - Casuarina | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Mangroves - other | 54,545 | 54,545 | 54,545 | 54,551 | 54,543 | 54,547 | 54,548 | 
| Salt marsh and salt flats | 27,879 | 27,869 | 27,874 | 27,890 | 27,899 | 28,002 | 28,050 | 
| Arid and semi-arid saline lake | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Arid and semi-arid floodplain lake | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Arid and semi-arid permanently inundated lake | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal floodplain lake | 564 | 564 | 564 | 564 | 564 | 564 | 564 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal non-floodplain rock lake | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal non-floodplain sand (window) lake | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal non-floodplain sand (perched) lake | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal non-floodplain soil lake | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 
| Arid and semi-arid saline swamp | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Arid and semi-arid floodplain tree swamp | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Arid and semi-arid floodplain shrub swamp | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Arid and semi-arid floodplain grass, sedge and herb swamp | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Arid and semi-arid non-floodplain tree swamp | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Arid and semi-arid non-floodplain shrub swamp | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Arid and semi-arid non-floodplain grass, sedge and herb swamp | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Arid and semi-arid other non-floodplain swamp | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Arid and semi-arid Great Artesian Basin fed spring swamp | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal non-floodplain tree (Melaleuca and Eucalypt) swamp | 1,081 | 1,082 | 1,083 | 1,083 | 1,083 | 1,084 | 1,084 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal non-floodplain wet heath swamp | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal non-floodplain grass, sedge, and herb swamp | 4,111 | 4,111 | 4,111 | 4,111 | 4,111 | 4,028 | 4,028 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal other non-floodplain swamp | 689 | 689 | 689 | 689 | 689 | 689 | 689 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal floodplain tree (Melaleuca and Eucalypt) swamp | 8,606 | 8,608 | 8,613 | 8,737 | 8,746 | 8,729 | 9,095 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal floodplain grass, sedge, and herb swamp | 31,910 | 31,903 | 31,899 | 31,812 | 31,919 | 31,910 | 31,910 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal floodplain wet heath swamp | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal other floodplain swamp | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal tree (palm) swamp | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Unknown - Swamp - Arid and semi-arid | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Unknown - Swamp - Coastal and sub-coastal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Mangroves - Casuarina (natural) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Mangroves - Casuarina (slightly modified) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Mangroves - other (natural) | 54,545 | 54,545 | 54,545 | 54,551 | 54,543 | 54,547 | 54,548 | 
| Mangroves - other (slightly modified) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Salt marsh and salt flats (natural) | 26,886 | 26,947 | 26,952 | 26,968 | 26,976 | 27,080 | 27,093 | 
| Salt marsh and salt flats (slightly modified) | 993 | 922 | 922 | 922 | 922 | 922 | 957 | 
| Arid and semi-arid saline lake (natural) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Arid and semi-arid saline lake (slightly modified) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Arid and semi-arid floodplain lake (natural) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Arid and semi-arid floodplain lake (slightly modified) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Arid and semi-arid permanently inundated lake (slightly modified) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal floodplain lake (natural) | 464 | 464 | 464 | 464 | 464 | 464 | 464 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal floodplain lake (slightly modified) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal non-floodplain rock lake (natural) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal non-floodplain rock lake (slightly modified) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal non-floodplain sand (window) lake (natural) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal non-floodplain sand (window) lake (slightly modified) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal non-floodplain sand (perched) lake (natural) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal non-floodplain soil lake (natural) | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal non-floodplain soil lake (slightly modified) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Arid and semi-arid saline swamp (natural) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Arid and semi-arid saline swamp (slightly modified) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Arid and semi-arid floodplain tree swamp (natural) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Arid and semi-arid floodplain tree swamp (slightly modified) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Arid and semi-arid floodplain shrub swamp (natural) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Arid and semi-arid floodplain shrub swamp (slightly modified) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Arid and semi-arid floodplain grass, sedge and herb swamp (natural) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Arid and semi-arid floodplain grass, sedge and herb swamp (slightly modified) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Arid and semi-arid non-floodplain tree swamp (natural) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Arid and semi-arid non-floodplain tree swamp (slightly modified) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Arid and semi-arid non-floodplain shrub swamp (natural) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Arid and semi-arid non-floodplain shrub swamp (slightly modified) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Arid and semi-arid non-floodplain grass, sedge and herb swamp (natural) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Arid and semi-arid non-floodplain grass, sedge and herb swamp (slightly modified) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Arid and semi-arid other non-floodplain swamp (natural) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Arid and semi-arid other non-floodplain swamp (slightly modified) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Arid and semi-arid Great Artesian Basin fed spring swamp (natural) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Arid and semi-arid Great Artesian Basin fed spring swamp (slightly modified) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal non-floodplain tree (Melaleuca and Eucalypt) swamp (natural) | 900 | 901 | 903 | 902 | 902 | 905 | 906 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal non-floodplain tree (Melaleuca and Eucalypt) swamp (slightly modified) | 181 | 181 | 181 | 181 | 181 | 179 | 178 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal non-floodplain wet heath swamp (natural) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal non-floodplain wet heath swamp (slightly modified) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal non-floodplain grass, sedge, and herb swamp (natural) | 134 | 134 | 134 | 134 | 134 | 134 | 134 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal non-floodplain grass, sedge, and herb swamp (slightly modified) | 3,977 | 3,977 | 3,977 | 3,977 | 3,977 | 3,894 | 3,894 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal other non-floodplain swamp (natural) | 518 | 518 | 518 | 519 | 519 | 519 | 519 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal other non-floodplain swamp (slightly modified) | 170 | 170 | 170 | 170 | 170 | 170 | 170 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal floodplain tree (Melaleuca and Eucalypt) swamp (natural) | 4,447 | 4,449 | 4,454 | 4,578 | 4,587 | 4,587 | 4,959 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal floodplain tree (Melaleuca and Eucalypt) swamp (slightly modified) | 4,159 | 4,159 | 4,159 | 4,159 | 4,159 | 4,142 | 4,136 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal floodplain grass, sedge, and herb swamp (natural) | 2,846 | 2,846 | 2,846 | 2,878 | 2,891 | 2,898 | 2,898 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal floodplain grass, sedge, and herb swamp (slightly modified) | 29,063 | 29,056 | 29,053 | 28,934 | 29,028 | 29,012 | 29,012 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal floodplain wet heath swamp (natural) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal floodplain wet heath swamp (slightly modified) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal other floodplain swamp (natural) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal other floodplain swamp (slightly modified) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal tree (palm) swamp (natural) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Coastal and sub-coastal tree (palm) swamp (slightly modified) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Unknown - Swamp - Arid and semi-arid (natural) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Unknown - Swamp - Arid and semi-arid (slightly modified) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Unknown - Swamp - Coastal and sub-coastal (natural) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
| Unknown - Swamp - Coastal and sub-coastal (slightly modified) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 
 View 2021 wetland habitat area for all biogeographic subregions
 View 2019 wetland habitat area for all biogeographic subregions
 View 2017 wetland habitat area for all biogeographic subregions
 View 2013 wetland habitat area for all biogeographic subregions
 View 2009 wetland habitat area for all biogeographic subregions
 View 2005 wetland habitat area for all biogeographic subregions
 View 2001 wetland habitat area for all biogeographic subregions
Disclaimer
Areas do not include marine or estuarine waters but do include estuarine wetland vegetation
(e.g. mangroves and tidal flats).
All statistics are approximate and generated based on data transformed to a customised Albers equal-area projection, thus allowing wetland extent change for different regions of Queensland to be comparable.
Areas may change over time as mapping approaches improve.
Totals may not match the sum of individually displayed figures due to the rounding of displayed figures.
Australian Land Use and Management Classification (ALUMC) 
 
| ALUMC code and description | Area (ha) | % total area | 
|---|---|---|
| Total | 1,203,290 | 98.9% | 
| 2.1 Grazing native vegetation | 765,765 | 62.9% | 
| 2.1.0 Grazing native vegetation | 765,765 | 62.9% | 
| 1.3 Other minimal use | 160,070 | 13.2% | 
| 1.3.0 Other minimal use | 3,200 | 0.3% | 
| 1.3.1 Defence | 146,005 | 12.0% | 
| 1.3.3 Residual native cover | 10,864 | 0.9% | 
| 6.5 Marsh/wetland | 142,144 | 11.7% | 
| 6.5.0 Marsh/wetland | 76 | 0.0% | 
| 6.5.2 Marsh/wetland - production | 35,256 | 2.9% | 
| 6.5.4 Marsh/wetland - saline | 106,811 | 8.8% | 
| 2.2 Production native forests | 28,559 | 2.3% | 
| 2.2.0 Production native forests | 28,559 | 2.3% | 
| 6.3 River | 25,804 | 2.1% | 
| 6.3.0 River | 25,799 | 2.1% | 
| 6.3.1 River - conservation | 5 | 0.0% | 
| 5.4 Residential and farm infrastructure | 23,937 | 2.0% | 
| 5.4.1 Urban residential | 4,104 | 0.3% | 
| 5.4.2 Rural residential with agriculture | 9,599 | 0.8% | 
| 5.4.3 Rural residential without agriculture | 7,626 | 0.6% | 
| 5.4.5 Farm buildings/infrastructure | 2,609 | 0.2% | 
| 1.1 Nature conservation | 15,736 | 1.3% | 
| 1.1.1 Strict nature reserves | 23 | 0.0% | 
| 1.1.3 National park | 9,425 | 0.8% | 
| 1.1.4 Natural feature protection | 5,887 | 0.5% | 
| 1.1.7 Other conserved area | 402 | 0.0% | 
| 6.2 Reservoir/dam | 6,388 | 0.5% | 
| 6.2.1 Reservoir | 67 | 0.0% | 
| 6.2.2 Water storage - intensive use/farm dams | 3,392 | 0.3% | 
| 6.2.3 Evaporation basin | 2,928 | 0.2% | 
| 3.1 Plantation forests | 5,991 | 0.5% | 
| 3.1.0 Plantation forests | 5,972 | 0.5% | 
| 3.1.1 Hardwood plantation forestry | 20 | 0.0% | 
| 3.3 Cropping | 4,879 | 0.4% | 
| 3.3.0 Cropping | 3,363 | 0.3% | 
| 3.3.3 Hay and silage | 483 | 0.0% | 
| 3.3.8 Pulses | 1,034 | 0.1% | 
| 1.2 Managed resource protection | 4,720 | 0.4% | 
| 1.2.0 Managed resource protection | 4,720 | 0.4% | 
| 5.5 Services | 3,901 | 0.3% | 
| 5.5.1 Commercial services | 448 | 0.0% | 
| 5.5.2 Public services | 810 | 0.1% | 
| 5.5.3 Recreation and culture | 2,498 | 0.2% | 
| 5.5.4 Defence facilities - urban | 145 | 0.0% | 
| 5.7 Transport and communication | 3,879 | 0.3% | 
| 5.7.0 Transport and communication | 1,517 | 0.1% | 
| 5.7.1 Airports/aerodromes | 431 | 0.0% | 
| 5.7.2 Roads | 1,801 | 0.1% | 
| 5.7.3 Railways | 112 | 0.0% | 
| 5.7.4 Ports and water transport | 16 | 0.0% | 
| 5.7.5 Navigation and communication | 2 | 0.0% | 
| 4.3 Irrigated cropping | 2,870 | 0.2% | 
| 4.3.0 Irrigated cropping | 2,005 | 0.2% | 
| 4.3.3 Irrigated hay and silage | 35 | 0.0% | 
| 4.3.5 Irrigated sugar | 830 | 0.1% | 
| 4.4 Irrigated perennial horticulture | 2,062 | 0.2% | 
| 4.4.1 Irrigated tree fruits | 573 | 0.0% | 
| 4.4.2 Irrigated olives | 2 | 0.0% | 
| 4.4.3 Irrigated tree nuts | 419 | 0.0% | 
| 4.4.4 Irrigated vine fruits | 1 | 0.0% | 
| 4.4.5 Irrigated shrub berries and fruits | 1,068 | 0.1% | 
| 6.1 Lake | 1,640 | 0.1% | 
| 6.1.0 Lake | 1,592 | 0.1% | 
| 6.1.2 Lake - production | 48 | 0.0% | 
| 5.8 Mining | 1,336 | 0.1% | 
| 5.8.0 Mining | 176 | 0.0% | 
| 5.8.1 Mines | 486 | 0.0% | 
| 5.8.2 Quarries | 476 | 0.0% | 
| 5.8.3 Tailings | 165 | 0.0% | 
| 5.8.4 Extractive industry not in use | 32 | 0.0% | 
| 3.2 Grazing modified pastures | 841 | 0.1% | 
| 3.2.2 Woody fodder plants | 841 | 0.1% | 
| 5.3 Manufacturing and industrial | 814 | 0.1% | 
| 5.3.0 Manufacturing and industrial | 654 | 0.1% | 
| 5.3.3 Major industrial complex | 44 | 0.0% | 
| 5.3.5 Abattoirs | 95 | 0.0% | 
| 5.3.7 Sawmill | 21 | 0.0% | 
| 4.1 Irrigated plantation forests | 571 | 0.0% | 
| 4.1.0 Irrigated plantation forests | 560 | 0.0% | 
| 4.1.1 Irrigated hardwood plantation forestry | 11 | 0.0% | 
| 4.5 Irrigated seasonal horticulture | 531 | 0.0% | 
| 4.5.0 Irrigated seasonal horticulture | 457 | 0.0% | 
| 4.5.4 Irrigated turf farming | 74 | 0.0% | 
| 4.2 Grazing irrigated modified pastures | 243 | 0.0% | 
| 4.2.0 Grazing irrigated modified pastures | 161 | 0.0% | 
| 4.2.1 Irrigated woody fodder plants | 81 | 0.0% | 
| 5.2 Intensive animal production | 178 | 0.0% | 
| 5.2.2 Feedlots | 47 | 0.0% | 
| 5.2.4 Piggeries | 1 | 0.0% | 
| 5.2.5 Aquaculture | 39 | 0.0% | 
| 5.2.6 Horse studs | 86 | 0.0% | 
| 5.2.8 Abandoned intensive animal husbandry | 6 | 0.0% | 
| 5.9 Waste treatment and disposal | 172 | 0.0% | 
| 5.9.0 Waste treatment and disposal | 12 | 0.0% | 
| 5.9.1 Effluent pond | 14 | 0.0% | 
| 5.9.2 Landfill | 80 | 0.0% | 
| 5.9.3 Solid garbage | 5 | 0.0% | 
| 5.9.5 Sewage | 61 | 0.0% | 
| 4.6 Irrigated land in transition | 93 | 0.0% | 
| 4.6.1 Degraded irrigated land | 5 | 0.0% | 
| 4.6.2 Abandoned irrigated land | 13 | 0.0% | 
| 4.6.5 Abandoned irrigated perennial horticulture | 74 | 0.0% | 
| 5.6 Utilities | 57 | 0.0% | 
| 5.6.5 Electricity substations and transmission | 25 | 0.0% | 
| 5.6.7 Water extraction and transmission | 32 | 0.0% | 
| 3.6 Land in transition | 50 | 0.0% | 
| 3.6.0 Land in transition | 50 | 0.0% | 
| 5.1 Intensive horticulture | 41 | 0.0% | 
| 5.1.1 Production nurseries | 41 | 0.0% | 
| 3.4 Perennial horticulture | 16 | 0.0% | 
| 3.4.0 Perennial horticulture | 16 | 0.0% | 
| 6.6 Estuary/coastal waters | 2 | 0.0% | 
| 6.6.3 Estuary/coastal waters - intensive use | 2 | 0.0% | 
 Drainage divisions 
 
 
 Drainage basins 
 
 
 Drainage sub-basins 
 
 
 Regional natural resource management (NRM) bodies 
 
 
 Local government areas 
 
 
 100K map tiles 
 
 
 Climate zones 
 
 
 Bioregions 
 
 
 Biogeographic subregions 
 
 
 IBRA bioregions 
 
 
 IBRA subregions 
 
 
 Bioregional assessment areas 
 
 
 Marine meso-scale bioregions 
 
 Marine provincial bioregions 
 
 Regional plans 
 
 
 World Heritage areas 
 
 
 Ramsar internationally important wetlands 
 
 
 DIWA nationally important wetlands 
 
 
 National parks 
 
 
- Baga National Park
 - Broad Sound Islands National Park
 - Capricorn Coast National Park
 - Curtis Island National Park
 - Keppel Bay Islands National Park
 - Keppel Bay Islands National Park (scientific)
 - Mount Archer National Park
 - Mount Etna Caves National Park
 - Mount O'Connell National Park
 - Rundle Range National Park
 
 Marine parks (Queensland) 
 
 
 Study areas 
 
 Report cards 
 
 Conservation parks 
 
 
- Broad Sound Islands Conservation Park
 - Bukkulla Conservation Park
 - Causeway Lake Conservation Park
 - Charon Point Conservation Park
 - Keppel Sands Conservation Park
 - Limestone Creek Conservation Park
 - Long Island Bend Conservation Park
 - MacKenzie Island Conservation Park
 - Newport Conservation Park
 - North Pointer Conservation Park
 - Princhester Conservation Park
 - Shoalwater Bay Conservation Park
 - Tooloombah Creek Conservation Park
 
 State forests 
 
 
 Alligator Creek State Forest
 Aricia State Forest
 Byfield State Forest
 Canal Creek State Forest
 Eugene State Forest
 Glencoe State Forest
 Lake Learmouth State Forest
 Marlborough State Forest
 Mount Archer State Forest
 Mount Larcom State Forest
 Rundle State Forest
 Scrubby Mountain State Forest
 Ulam Range State Forest
 Werribee Creek State Forest
 Forest reserves 
 
 
 Resources reserves 
 
 
 Timber reserves 
 
 
 Fish habitat areas 
 
 
 Coastal management district 
 
 
 Nature refuges 
 
 
 Freshwater biogeographic provinces 
 
 
 Aquatic Conservation Assessments (AquaBAMM) and others 
 
 
 Wetland (aquatic ecosystem) type—conceptual models 
 
 
- Coastal and subcoastal floodplain grass, sedge, herb swamp
 - Coastal and subcoastal floodplain lake
 - Coastal and subcoastal floodplain tree swamp–Melaleuca spp. and Eucalyptus spp.
 - Coastal and subcoastal non-floodplain grass sedge and herb swamp
 - Coastal and subcoastal non-floodplain soil lake
 - Coastal and subcoastal non-floodplain tree swamp—Melaleuca spp. and Eucalyptus spp.
 - Coastal and subcoastal non-floodplain wet heath swamp
 
 Wetland (aquatic ecosystem) type—management profiles 
 
 
 Groundwater dependent ecosystem type—conceptual models 
 
 
 Healthy Land and Water conceptual models 
 
 
 Water resource planning areas 
 
 
 Aquatic ecosystem monitoring programs 
 
 
- Aerial surveys of waterbirds in eastern Australia
 - Central Queensland ambient estuary program
 - Environmental flows assessment program (EFAP)
 - Fitzroy priority neighbourhood catchments water quality monitoring program
 - Groundwater ambient network (GWAN) – water quality
 - Groundwater water level network
 - Long term historical trend water quality monitoring data
 - Reef Plan paddock to reef integrated monitoring, modelling and reporting program (Paddock to Reef program)
 - Port Curtis integrated monitoring program (PCIMP)
 - Queensland wetland mapping
 - Stream and estuary assessment program (SEAP) – freshwater
 - Surface water ambient network (SWAN) – water quality
 - Surface water monitoring network
 
 Point source monitoring 
 
 
 Wetland soil indicator case studies 
 
 
 Wetland management case studies 
 
 
 Wetland projects 
 
 
 A Fish Friendly Fitzroy: Bypassing the Barrage
 A history of cattle, water and wildlife on Nankin Plain
 Big Dune Surfing Reserve Restoration Project
 Corio Bay Restoration
 Emu Park Community Bushcare Group Coastal Vegetation and Wetlands Protection Project
 Fencing Wetlands and Riparian Zones on Wedderburn
 Feral Pig Control on the Stanage Peninsula
 Fig Tree Creek Mangroves: Community Connections
 Fitzroy pest and weed management project
 Fitzroy Water Quality
 Fitzroy Water Quality Project
 Gundanoo Junior Ranger Program - Gundanoos caring for country
 Habitat Protection and Enhancement of the Duckpond Environmental Reserve
 Implementing the CQSS Fitzroy Basin Neighbourhood Catchment Plan
 Implementing the CQSS Fitzroy Basin Neighbourhood Catchment Program ‘FB NAP PAP 01’ Final Report December 2004
 Improved on-farm soil and nutrient management practices
 Kinka Wetlands
 Kinka Wetlands Quarry Rehabilitation
 Lake Mary Wetlands - phase V repair and restoration of priority coastal habitat and wetlands
 MW QNRM 01
 Natural Disaster Relief and Recovery Arrangements (NDRRA) - Fitzroy Site 3
 Natural Disaster Relief and Recovery Arrangements (NDRRA) - Fitzroy Site 7
 Protecting the Values of Our Ramsar Wetlands Shoalwater/Corio Bay
 Ramsar Area Pig and Weed Control 2014-15
 Ramsar Wetlands (DEEDI) CfOC
 Ramsar Wetlands (GA) CfOC
 Schoolboys and the community improving their local creek environment
 Southern Fitzroy floodplain wetland complex
 Sustainable agriculture through innovative practices in the Fitzroy
 Torilla Plain Wetlands Case Study
 Virtual Bus Tour: Controlled traffic farming on a best management practice farm
 Virtual Bus Tour: Low pressure irrigation delivers cost savings and yield gains
 Virtual Bus Tour: Low pressure overhead irrigation for water use efficiency
 Area specific conceptual model case studies 
 
 
 Paddock to Reef (P2R) report cards 
 
 
 Water Quality Improvement Plan catchments 
 
 
 EPP (Water) scheduled environmental values and water quality objectives 
 
 
- 
 Curtis Island, Calliope River and Boyne River Basins (WQ1272)
 - 
 Curtis Island, Calliope River and Boyne River Basins (WQ1311)
 - 
 Fitzroy River Sub-basin (WQ1305)
 - 
 Pioneer River and Plane Creek Basins; Proserpine River, Whitsunday Island and O'Connell River Basins (WQ1222)
 - 
 Styx River, Shoalwater Creek and Water Park Creek Basins (WQ1271)
 - 
 Styx River, Shoalwater Creek and Water Park Creek Basins (WQ1272)
 
 Shorebird zones 
 
 
 Biopassage structures 
 
 
Related legislation/policies
Wildlife
| 
 Kingdom 
Class 
 | 
Native | Introduced | Wetland indicator species  | 
Rare or threatened species  | 
All | 
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TOTAL | 3,321 | 484 | 432 | 120 | 3,806 | 
| Animals | 760 | 28 | 183 | 70 | 788 | 
| Mammals | 99 | 13 | 7 | 14 | 112 | 
| Birds | 408 | 9 | 96 | 39 | 417 | 
| Reptiles | 130 | 1 | 14 | 12 | 131 | 
| Amphibians | 31 | 1 | 14 | 1 | 32 | 
| Ray-finned fishes | 48 | 3 | 51 | 2 | 51 | 
| Cartilaginous fishes | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 
| Insects | 43 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 44 | 
| Bacteria | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 
| Chromists | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23 | 
| Fungi | 127 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 127 | 
| Plants | 2,407 | 456 | 249 | 50 | 2,864 | 
Note: Wildlife statistics are based on information that has been submitted to the DETSI WildNet database and converted to a 10km² grid. The grid information has been intersected with the mapping polygons to determine the species lists. Click here to view the species grid metadata.
Information from WildNet can also be accessed via Wildlife Online and WetlandMaps.
Rare or threatened includes species listed as extinct, extinct in the wild, critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable or conservation dependent under either the Nature Conservation Act or Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act
Disclaimer: While every care is taken to ensure the accuracy of this product, the Queensland Government and Australian Government make no representations or warranties about its accuracy, reliability, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose and disclaim all responsibility and all liability (including without limitation, liability in negligence) for all expenses, losses, damages (including indirect or consequential damage) and costs which might be incurred as a consequence of reliance on the product, or as a result of the product being inaccurate or incomplete in any way and for any reason.
This page should be cited as:
Department of Environment, Science and Innovation, Queensland (2013) Marlborough Plains biogeographic subregion — facts and maps, WetlandInfo website, accessed 8 May 2025. Available at: https://wetlandinfo.des.qld.gov.au/wetlands/facts-maps/biogeographic-subregion-marlborough-plains/


 
   —   Department of the Environment, Tourism, Science and Innovation